frbiz789

Yesterday from the city boiled help learn of, Jiangsu follows river’s 8 dining( cooking) association in the cities( Nanking, Suzhou, Wuxi, often state, Yang state and south, Tai state and town river)s recently in the river catcall in town, appeal lower a silver allied the card pay by card fee rate.
According to the introduction, when the consumer pays by card to consume consume amount of money of 2% service charge the disheveled hair card go, accept a list to go and the silver unite to take;Melt a crisis to cause in the gold dining business enterprise net profit smooth not enough 8%, the service charge has become a not small burden.Yang state many dining business enterprises have already started refusing to provide to pay by card to consume, many business enterprise encouragement consumers adopt cash balance of accounts;If the consumer insists paying by card to consume, adds to collect 2% service charge.

Is another to understand according to the reporter, the silver unites to make sure in 2002 the dining industry pays by card the fee rate as 2% and puts the dining industry and the real estate industry, cosmetics industry on a level, while the paying by card of business service industry procedure fee rate is 0.5%-0.8%.

To this, Chinese silver is allied to mean, because the dining industry pays by card the procedure fee rate involve to deliver card to go, accept a list to go etc. several sections, therefore should be led long a consultation processing by related section.

Xiang in Peking faces the world dining limited liability company is BE built by the successful Xiang book entrepreneur investment of upscale luxurious dining limited liability company, repair noble cultured, sumptuous, have heavy lake Xiang cultural breathing.This wine shop takes exquisite article Xiang vegetables as a lord, upscale Cantonese food, Yan wings Bao for assist of product fixed position, the adoption forerunner’s management style, superior quality of service level, the corporate culture for making people the center, ground become celebrity in Kyoto’s constellating, get a Xiang book celebrity and unanimously worshiping of the Chinese and foreigners, established the profession brand of “Xiang vegetables in the capital city the first”, is the bright bright pearl of dining field in Peking.
The Xiang faces total store”head body store” of world to be located in the prosperous district of the west of the zoo, transportation convenience, geography position is superior.The wine shop business area is about 8000 square meters, own an upscale luxurious pack of about 60, can accept thousand odd at the same time person meal.More than 600 halls spread a glass that is complicated to have a clue, sit at the generous arc-shaped long face to hope a street view before the gallery is also don’t be wit.The pack name is all refined by classic celebrity’s anecdote in history in Hunan but becomes, each pack included a moving story and deeply moving history in history in Hunan.Then decorate with the true article of art inside the room, carve well-known sentence in the house on the wall of hallway.Honored guest can in the article delicacies, Ling legend, sing a well-turned phrase, appreciate curio and buy to complete a flourishing Xiang to face the trip of world culture in the genuine calligraphy.
Penny store”bright Ma Dian” is located in inside the dynasty sun area Yan in Peking a kind of insect shopping area.The wine shop contains 100 near parking lots, the total area is close to more than 5000 square meters, and the luxurious pack of is more than 30s.The pack is fine and cultured, all has an entirely different Hunan embroidery of style article, landscape calligraphy to face world ancient plain and dignified cultural breathing by setting off by contrast Xiang.Bright Ma Dian can accept about thousand people for the meal at the same time, is the good place that business dining, friend’s party can not get more.
Second”double well store” in the branch is located in wide dike avenue outside the door of dynasty sun area in Peking City on the 8th excellent private the Ge C, cover more than 2500 square meters, can accept 34100 people at the same time meal.
Xiang’s facing world has already successfully established Xiang vegetables in Peking the absolute position of first brand, is the successful model aring perfect to combine the delicacies of Xiang Yue and Xiang culture in the lake.Just with his/her special principle of management, decorous cultural bottom Yun, the elegant good dinner produces, humanized superior quality service gets the great fame of more and more Chinese and foreignerses and consents.

This is count for much, don’t worry to have no fish because the garden pond sought a rightness, this is the way of thinking problem.People thought more”the bird could choose a tree, the tree could not choose bird” formely, although it is said this was a kind of phenomenon of nature, but it the beyond doubt meeting gave cleverness to inspire.
The restaurant compares to “a tree”, the customer is “bird”, this tree if can with meticulous care protect, have intention to a cultivation, make heavy leaf of its luxuriant, and then ever fear that”bird” not.So, the key to management restaurant lies in an oneself, tree originally withered yellow, bird again how can come.

Choose to the garden pond, be request that the executive has of put Shi, don’t fall person’s convention, look for to suit an own way, method.Is like”need not popular cook, so as to conduct a profitable meal farcing”, this is a very popular management proverb in the nonce generation’s dining industry.This seems to be run in opposite directions with tradition, however doesn’t lack truth among them.

The owner who holds this kind of standpoint thinks that want ～only the good quality of original material, can make the food that makes person’s fancy.For example crab, shrimp and lobster, molluscs and fish and beef, mutton, chicken, pork, vegetable, and fruits…etc. don’t need how much process, the meeting is very delicious.

And the popular cook mostly has the temperament to follow accepted routine, much time, they will take no cognizance the guest’s favour and also take no account of the long-last benefits and viewpoint of executive and just persistently want to make a show of oneself’s technical skill, for no reason increased expenses and resulted in a kind of situation of blindness management.The guest eats also not definitely happy behind, because in other stores, same thing delicious the price is low.

Is pleased lately is the mental state of modern consumer in spite of being an executive or customer, all expect more interesting, make people relaxed more and make the food of person’s surprise more.But popular cook because the traditional skill been subjected to oneself’s identity and cooked, flow parties to consider to limit the Xi, usually can not improvise at any time to the customer’s favour, as a result the management strategy that doesn’t can make “the customer wants to eat what, I do what”, probably is afraid be disgraced.

As above say, among them, the truth is obvious.In fact revealed, the cooking was a kind of creation, if the skill that follow to fix does and certainly becomes to didn’t”food” of flavor.

Worth what we drew lessons from BE, have in Japan a nameds in the village friend three of Sir, exclusively make the scheme restaurant development business, he guided a few restaurants, like”carnival square”, “white shark in Osaka”, and”white shark in Tokyo”…etc. of Osaka, each popular cook who has never employed to follow accepted routine, but each business is all unusually prosperous.See, want ～only method properly, oneself’s this”tree” not afraid have no “bird” to come.

sandstone panel tile e Pine Tree Riot was one of the first acts of rebellion by the American colonists against Great Britain leading to the American Revolution.
By the late 17th century, Great Britain had few trees remaining which were suitable to be used as masts for merchant and naval ships. White pine trees were considered to be the best type of tree to use for these single-stick masts. Each New Hampshire town’s charter contained a passage which declared that the white pine trees which grew within its borders were property of the King of Great Britain, no matter who owned the land. To get around the law, colonists would saw the logs into wide pine floorboards for their homes, which became a sign of patriotism. The law was not strictly enforced until John Wentworth was appointed governor of the New Hampshire colony in 1766. He instructed his Surveyor General to carry out the law more firmly .
In 1772, the British Parliament passed a law which protected “any white pine tree of the growth of 12 inches of diameter.” For the land owners, this meant that they were not allowed to cut any trees until the Deputy Surveyor came to mark all the trees that would be protected with a broad arrow to indicate they were to be saved for masts of ships. The result of the law caused a patriotic backlash of sentiment, making it unfashionable to have floorboards less than 12 inches wide.
During the winter of 1771-72, Deputy Surveyor John Sherburn found that six mills in Goffstown and Weare possessed large white pines and marked them with the broad arrow to indicate that they were the property of the King. The owners of the mills were fined and told to appear before the Court of Vice Admiralty in Portsmouth on February 7, 1772. The mill owners hired a lawyer by the name of Samuel Blodgett to represent them and he met with Governor Wentworth in hopes that he would persuade the governor to drop the charges against the mill owners. Instead, the Governor offered Blodgett the job of Surveyor of the King’s Woods, which he accepted. Upon returning from his mission, Blodgett wrote to the sawmill owners and instructed them to pay a settlement. The mill owners from Goffstown paid their fines at once and had their logs returned to them. Those from Weare refused to pay.
On April 13, 1772, County Sheriff Benjamin Whiting and his Deputy John Quigly were sent to South Weare with a warrant to arrest the leader of the Weare mill owners, Ebenezer Mudgett. The two arrived in Weare late in the day, they decided to spend the night at Aaron Quimby’s inn, the Pine Tree Tavern, and arrest Mudgett the next day. Many of the townsmen gathered at Mudgett’s house to decide what course of action should be taken , matt board .
At dawn the next day, 20 men led by Mudgett with faces blackened with soot entered Whiting’s room and assaulted him and his deputy with tree switches. They gave him one lash for every tree for which they were being fined. They cut off the ears and shaved the manes and tails of Whiting and Quigley’s horses to render them valueless. In a further effort to disgrace the men, the people of Weare forced Whiting and Quigly to ride out of town through a gauntlet of jeering townspeople , flooring mahogany .
Near the end of spring, Whiting returned with a large group to arrest the rioters. They arrested one of the men involved in the assault and then the rest voluntarily came forward. They were charged with being rioters and disturbers of the peace and with “making an assault upon the body of Benjamin Whiting…so that his life was despaired of.” Four judges, Theodore Atkinson, Meshech Weare, Leverett Hubbard and William Parker, heard the case in the Superior Court in Amherst. The rioters pled guilty and the judges were lenient, fining them 20 shillings each and ordering them to pay the cost of the court hearing. It is generally thought that the judges were sympathetic to the mill owners.
External links
New Hampshire History Curriculum
An account of the survey of logs by Deputy Surveyor John Sherburn in the History of Goffstown
Categories: 1772 riots | American Revolution | New Hampshire in the American Revolution | Rebellions in the United States | Political repression in the United States | History of the Thirteen Colonies

Melamine MDF
Morphology
The trees grow to a height of 50-65 m, with straight vertical trunks and symmetrical branches, even in the face of incessant onshore winds that can contort most other species.
The leaves are awl-shaped, 1-1.5 cm long, about 1 mm thick at the base on young trees, and incurved, 5-10 mm long and variably 2-4 mm broad on older trees. The thickest, scale-like leaves on coning branches are in the upper crown. The cones are squat globose, 10-12 cm long and 12-14 cm diameter, and take about 18 months to mature. They disintegrate at maturity to release the nut-like edible seeds.
The scientific name heterophylla (“different leaves”) derives from the variation in the leaves between young and adult plants.
Uses
Young Norfolk Island Pines
In the late 1950′s a trial shipment of Norfolk Pine logs was sent to Sydney plywood manufacturers in the hope of developing a timber export industry for the Island. Although the plywood companies reported excellent results the industry was deemed not sustainable by the Norfolk Island Advisory Council who decided to reserve local timber production for use on the Island. The timber is good for woodturning, and is extensively used by Hawaiian craftspeople. British explorer James Cook unsuccessfully used these trees as ship masts when exploring Norfolk Island[citation needed] , electronic display board .
Cultivatio , sheet panels .
Araucaria heterophylla foliage from a mature tree
The distinctive appearance of this tree, with its widely spaced branches and symmetrical, triangular outline, has made it a popular cultivated species, either as a single tree or in avenues. When the tree reaches maturity, the shape may become less symmetrical. As well as in its native Norfolk Island, it is widely planted in Australia, New Zealand, Florida, Hawaii, South Africa, south Texas, coastal California and some cities of Brazil.
It grows well in deep sand, as long as it receives reliable water when young. This, and its tolerance of salt and wind, makes it ideal for coastal situations.
Young trees are often grown as houseplants in areas where the winters are too cold for them to grow outside (they will not, for example, survive outdoors in most of the United States or Europe, but are sometimes used as Christmas trees there, as elsewhere). It will not survive in areas subject to prolonged cold. Large numbers of Norfolk Island Pines are produced in South Florida for the houseplant industry. The bulk of these are shipped to grocery stores, discount retailers and garden centers during November. Many of these are sprayed with a light coating of green paint prior to sale to increase their eye appeal.
Even in Florida, these trees are subject to frost damage and produce multiple stems with weakly attached trunks – in the 2004 hurricane season, many of these trees failed under the 160 km/h winds. As a result some coastal communities (e.g. Vero Beach) prohibit their use as a tree in local landscape plan approvals because of the danger posed by falling trunks.
Some people may experience a strong allergic reaction if they touch the leaves.
The banded bark of Araucaria heterophylla
References and external links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Araucaria heterophylla
Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Araucaria heterophylla. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2c v2.3)
Gymnosperm Database: Araucaria heterophylla
Categories: IUCN Red List vulnerable species | Araucaria | Flora of Norfolk Island | Pinales of Australia | Vulnerable flora of AustraliaHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008

Tropical Hard Wood
Prelude
The Lone Pine battlefield, named for a solitary Turkish Pine that stood there at the start of the fighting, was situated about the centre of the eastern line of the ANZAC trenches on a rise known as ’400 Plateau’ that joined Bolton’s Ridge to the south with the ridge along the east side of Monash Valley to the north. Being towards the southern end of ANZAC, the Lone Pine region was comparatively gentle and the opposing trenches were separated some distance with a flat no-man’s land intervening.
The original Australian front at Lone Pine contained a salient. To the north of the salient, on the Turkish side, was the head of a gully called ‘The Cup’. This was a reserve area for the Turks and lightly fortified. The Turkish trenches at Lone Pine were the strongest at ANZAC and no attack was expected there.
The commander of the Australian 1st Division, which was to make the attack, was the British General H.B. Walker who had replaced General W.T. Bridges after he was killed by a sniper in May. General Walker did not approve of an attack at Lone Pine, let alone a mere diversion. When General Sir Ian Hamilton, the British commander, insisted the attack proceed, Walker endeavoured to give his troops the best chance of success possible on such an unfavourable battleground.
The battle
A captured Turkish trench at Lone Pine
The width of the front of the attack was 220 yards (200 m) and the distance between the two trench lines was about 100 yards (91 m). To reduce the distance to be crossed, the Australians projected a number of tunnels to within 40 yards (36 m) of the Turkish trenches. Immediately after the attack, one of these tunnels was to be opened along its length to make a communications trench via which reinforcements could advance without having to cross the exposed ground. Some of the attackers would have to make the advance over ground from the Australian trench line. To provide some measure of protection for these men, three mines were set and exploded to make craters in which they could seek shelter. The preliminary bombardment was stretched over three days and was successful in cutting much of the Turkish barbed wire.
At 5.30 p.m. the Australian 1st Infantry Brigade attacked. Half the force went via the prepared tunnels and half crossed the exposed ground between the trench lines. When they reached the Turkish trenches they found them roofed with pine logs with no easy entrance. Some fired, bombed and bayonetted from above, some found their way inside and others ran on past to the open communications and support trenches behind , lcd board .
All the ground that was won by the Australians at Lone Pine was actually reached within a couple of hours of the start of the attack. However, the battle itself raged for another six days as the Turks counterattacked incessantly and at great cost. The 2nd and 3rd Infantry Brigades were poured in to reinforce the Australian gains. The fighting took place in the complicated maze of the former Turkish trench system. Hand grenades were the weapon of choice and the close quarters meant that some of them would travel back and forth up to three times before exploding. The Australians held the old Turkish fire trench and had footholds deeper in Turkish lines. They blocked the Turkish communications trenches as best they could, often with the bodies of the dead, to thwart raids. Other bodies were simply pitched over the parapet or left to lie at the bottom of the trench under a thin layer of dirt , ipod logic board .
Aftermath
The cemetery at Lone Pine
Though a victory for the Australians, the wider repercussions of the attack at Lone Pine weighed heavily on the outcome at Chunuk Bair. Sent north to reinforce Lone Pine, Lieutenant-colonel Hans Kannengiesser’s Turkish 9th Division was directed instead to proceed on to Chunuk Bair where, at the time there was only an artillery battery and its 20-man infantry defence. His force arrived in time to seriously delay the New Zealand attack.
Seven Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross at Lone Pine, including Corporal William Dunstan, who after the war became the general manager of The Herald newspaper in Melbourne. Another VC recipient was Captain Alfred John Shout who had already earned the Military Cross and been Mentioned in Despatches since landing at Gallipoli. He was mortally wounded at Lone Pine and was buried at sea. The other VC recipients were Privates Leonard Keysor and John Hamilton, Corporal Alexander Burton and Lieutenants Frederick Tubb and William Symons.
On ANZAC Day, after the dawn service, Australian visitors congregate at the Lone Pine cemetery which now stands on the site for a memorial service to remember all their countrymen who fought and died at Gallipoli. At the National World War I Museum, there is an exhibit for the Battle of Lone Pine. Memorial “Lone Pine” trees have been planted in Australia, New Zealand and Gallipoli to commemorate the battle and the Gallipoli campaign in general.
External links
Australian War Memorial
References
Ch. 20, Gallipoli, Les Carlyon, 2001, ISBN 0-7329-1128-1
J. Hawker, 1990. Lone Pine. Conifer Society of Australia Newsletter 8: 6-7.
National World War I Museum
Categories: Battles of the Gallipoli Campaign | Battles of World War I involving Australia | Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire | History of Turkey | History of anakkale | 1915 in TurkeyHidden categories: Unclassified articles missing geocoordinate data

Girls Sun Dress
Personal life and retail career
Marcus was born in The Cedars, Dallas, Texas, the son of Herbert Marcus, Sr., who later became a co-founder of the original Neiman-Marcus store with his sister Carrie and her husband, Al Neiman. Stanley was the first of four sons born to Herbert, Sr., and his wife, the former Minnie Lichtenstein; the pregnancy indirectly led to the eventual founding of Neiman-Marcus, as Herbert Sr. decided to leave Sanger’s, where he was a buyer of boys’ clothing, when he deemed his raise insufficient to support a family. Returning from two years spent in Atlanta, Georgia, establishing a successful sales-promotion business, the Marcuses and Neimans used the $25,000 made in the sale of that business to establish their store at the corner of Elm and Murphy. Given that the family’s other option for the money was to invest in the then-unknown Coca-Cola Company, Marcus loved to say that Neiman-Marcus was established “as a result of the bad judgment of its founders”. In his memoir, Marcus recalled his father as “affectionate” and his mother as even-handed in her attention to each of their children, making sure even into their adulthood to give them equivalent gifts and make sure they were praised equally.
Memorial Hall at Harvard College
One of Stanley Marcus’s first jobs was as a 10-year-old salesman of Saturday Evening Post, bringing him into the family’s business tradition from a young age. He attended Forest Avenue High School, where he studied debate as well as English with teacher Myra Brown, whom he later credited with much of his early interest in books. He began his university studies at Amherst College, but when traditions preventing Jews from joining clubs or fraternities drastically curtailed his social life, he transferred to Harvard University after the first year. At his new school, he became a member of the historically Jewish fraternity Zeta Beta Tau, later rising to become the group’s president.
While living in Boston and pursuing his chosen major, English literature, Marcus began a lifelong hobby of collecting rare and antique books. To finance his pursuits, he began The Book Collector’s Service Bureau, a mail-order book service, beginning with a letter of introduction sent to 100 homes. The venture proved so successful that for a time Marcus considered entering that line of work full time, concerned that entering the retail business might curtail his freedom of expression in politics and other areas of interest; his father persuaded him that he would always be granted the liberty of his own views, and pointed out that retailing was more profitable and thus would allow him to amass a large book collection that much sooner , wedding party dress .
Early years at Neiman-Marcu , lycra mini skirt .
After receiving a B.A. degree from Harvard in 1925, he began his career at the retailer that same year as a simple stockboy organizing inventory, but upon beginning in sales, quickly outstripped other sales staff. He went back to study at Harvard Business School in 1926, leaving after one year to participate in a massive expansion of the retail operation in Dallas.
He married the former Mary “Billie” Cantrell in 1932; she initially worked in the Neiman-Marcus Sports Shop department until she retired in 1936 after the birth of their first child, Jerrie, followed two years later by twins Richard and Wendy. (One year after his wife’s 1978 death, he married Linda Robinson, a longtime librarian at the Dallas Public Library, in a marriage that lasted until Stanley Marcus’s own death in 2002.) In 1935 the Marcuses commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design a home for them on Nonesuch Road, but rejected the eventual design, which included cantilevered steel beams and terraces swathed in mosquito netting. Instead, the couple chose a design by local firm DeWitt & Washburn, whose creation became a Texas Historic Landmark. As of 1937, Marcus was one of only 22 Texans to earn a salary of $50,000 or more, according to the House Ways and Means Committee; his father, Herbert, was another, earning $75,000 as company president while vice president Stanley drew an even $50,000.
Marcus was responsible for a number of innovations at the Dallas retailer. He created the annual Neiman-Marcus Award for Distinguished Service in Fashion, beginning in 1938, which led to the Neiman-Marcus Exposition, a fall fashion show held annually from 1938 to 1970, then periodically thereafter. His department store was the first American haute couture boutique to introduce weekly fashion shows, and the first to host concurrent art exhibitions at the store itself. In 1939, he established the annual Christmas Catalogue, which in 1951 offered the first of its extravagant “His & Hers Gifts,” starting with a matching pair of vicua coats, and going on to include matching bathtubs, a pair of Beechcraft airplanes, “Noah’s Ark” (including pairs of animals), camels, and live tigers.
The war years
For all his professional emphasis on glitz and glamour, he made another, very different mark on the American fashion industry when he was asked to join the War Production Board in Washington, D.C. on December 27, 1941, less than three weeks after the United States entered World War II. Ineligible for military service due to his age, he instead helped the war effort by championing the conservation of scarce resources normally devoted to fashion trends. He encouraged men to wear drooping socks (to save much-needed rubber that would normally be used for elastic) and devised regulations for the manufacture of women’s and children’s clothing that would enable the nation to divert more textile resources to uniforms and other war-related needs:
We settled on certain prohibitions, such as lengths, sleeve fullness, patch pockets, ensembles, sweeps of skirts, widths of belts and depth of hems. … The restrictions we put into effect froze the fashion silhouette. It effectively prevented any change of skirt length downward and it blocked any extreme new sleeve or collar development, which might have encouraged women to discard existing clothes.
tanley Marcus
In addition to these restrictions, Marcus recommended to the WPB that coats, suits, jackets and dresses be sold separately “to make them go further.” The changes were expected to create a total savings of 100,000,000 yards (91,000,000 m) of fabric to be used in the war effort.
Conscious of the role of the media in fashion promotion, Marcus prompted the members of the National Retail Dry Goods Association to convince their local press outlets to treat women’s fashions as a serious subject rather than as an object of ridicule. He solicited nationally famous women to proclaim their support of the new standards; TIME’s report on the WPB quoted author Adela Rogers St. Johns predicting, “The overdressed woman will be as unpatriotically conspicuous as though she wore a Japanese kimono.”
Marcus addressed the fashion press in national meetings, encouraging editors to reassure women that stores would carry adequate supply of attractive styles, in order to prevent shoppers from flooding the stores or hoarding stock. TIME reported on meetings of “70 fantastic hats,” representing the presence of national magazine editors from Ladies’ Home Journal and Harper’s Bazaar, as well as from newspapers in the urban centers of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, all complying with the WPB’s instructions for their coverage of women’s and children’s fashions.
His work promoting cooperation with the WPB’s mandates did not still Marcus’s competitive instincts. With the fall of Paris, the traditional fashion capital, New York mayor Fiorello LaGuardia began to declare his city the new leader at every opportunity. To this claim, Marcus retorted in the international press, “New York is finished as a manufacturing center. … They’re making clothes in Kansas, Philadelphia and Texas now and they won’t give it up. The day is gone when only a New York dress is a good dress.”
Faced with increasing shortages in silk and even new synthetics such as rayon, which seemed likely to create long lines of dissatisfied customers seeking a product in inadequate supply, Marcus created the Neiman Marcus Hosiery-of-the-Month Club, which sent two pair of stockings in fashionable shades to each female charge-card customer, with no membership fees. In his memoirs Marcus recalled, “Many women opened charge accounts just to become members of the club, and in a short time we had a membership of over 100,000, extending all over the country.”
Taking the helm
In 1950, with the death of Herbert Marcus, Sr., Stanley Marcus was elected president and CEO of the company, with Carrie Neiman as chairman of the board. Neiman died in 1953, in which year TIME proclaimed that Stanley Marcus’s “combination of showmanship and salesmanship” had been instrumental in increasing the company’s annual revenue from $2.6 million in 1926 to $20 million.
Marcus began yet another Neiman-Marcus tradition, the “International Fortnight,” in 1957 as a way to attract customers in the lull between the fall fashion rush and the Christmas shopping crunch. The idea was inspired by seeing a store in Stockholm, Sweden, that was having a France-themed sales promotion, leading Marcus to propose to the French government a sponsorship of an even more elaborate event in his own store. The initial Fortnight included concurrent events of art, symphonic music, and film at other locations around Dallas, with an Air France jet bringing “writers, painters, government officials, models, and industry leaders.” In the years following, the Fortnight focused on various other countries and added related food service as well as items from the relevant…

ceramic glass panel
Description
P. strobus foliage
Like all members of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, the leaves (‘needles’) are in fascicles (bundles) of five (rarely 3 or 4), with a deciduous sheath. They are flexible, bluish-green, finely serrated, and 5-13 centimeters (2-5 in) long, and persist for usually about 18 months.
P. strobus cone
The cones are slender, 8-16 centimeters (3-6 in) long (rarely longer than that) and 4-5 centimeters (1.5-2 in) broad when open, and have scales with a rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip. The seeds are 4-5 millimeters (3/16 in) long, with a slender 15-20 mm (3/4 in) wing, and are wind-dispersed. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years , wooden board .
Mature trees can easily be 200 to 250 years old. Some white pines live over 400 years. A tree growing near Syracuse, New York was dated to 458 years in the late 1980s and trees in Wisconsin and Michigan have approached 500 years in age , steering wheel wood .
Habitat
White pines prefer well-drained soil and cool, humid climates, but also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over all others, including the large hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for forest birds such as the Common Crossbill and small mammals such as squirrels.
Range
Native white pine, Sylvania Wilderness, Michigan
White pine forests originally covered much of northeastern North America, though only one percent of the original trees remain untouched by extensive logging operations in the 1700s and 1800s. Outside the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, other areas with known remaining virgin stands as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society include Algonquin Provincial Park, Quetico Provincial Park in Ontario; Algoma Highlands, Ontario; Huron Mountains, Michigan (Upper Peninsula); Estivant Pines in Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula; Hartwick Pines State Park; Menomonie Indian Reservation, northeastern Wisconsin; Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Minnesota; the Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) near Blackduck, Minnesota; and White Pines State Park, Illinois, Cook Forest State Park, Hearts Conent Natural Area, and Anders Run, all in Pennsylvania; Linville Gorge, North Carolina. Small groves of old-growth pines are found: (1) on numerous sites within New York’s Adirondack Park. Old-growth pines are found in the Ordway Pines, Maine; Ice Glen, Massachusetts. Many sites with conspicuously large pines represent advanced old field succession. The tall white pine stands in Mohawk Trail State Forest and on the William Cullen Bryant homestead in Cummington, both in Massachusetts, are examples.
It is now naturalizing in the mountains of southern Poland and the Czech Republic having spread from ornamental trees.
Dimensions
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007)
Measuring the circumference of a white pine
The eastern white pine has the distinction of being the tallest tree in eastern North America. In natural pre-colonial stands it is reported to have grown to as tall as 70 meters (230 ft) tall, at least on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been attributed to the species referenced in popular accounts such as Robert Pike’s “Tall Trees, Tough Men”, but the accounts are unverifiable.
Height
The current tallest pines as measured by the Eastern Native Tree Society (ENTS) reach to between 50 and 57.54 meters (160-188.8 ft). Within the Northeast, currently 8 sites located in 4 states have been confirmed by ENTS to have trees over 48 m (160 ft) in height. The southern Appalachians have even more locations and the tallest pines growing today. Three locations in the Southeast and one site in the Northeast have been identified with white pines to 55 meters (180 ft) tall. One survivor is a specimen known as the “Boogerman Pine” in the Cataloochee Valley, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. At 57.54 m (188.54 ft)[dubious discuss] tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by the Eastern Native Tree Society (ENTS). Before it lost its top in Hurricane Opal in October 1995, the Boogerman Pine was 63 m (207 ft) tall as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurement methods. The current height champion white pine of the Northeast is the Longfellow Pine in Cook Forest State Park, PA. It also has been climbed and measured by tape drop. Its current height is 55.96 m (183.6 ft). Within New England, a tree in the Mohawk Trail State Forest known as the Jake Swamp Tree is 51.54 m (169.1 ft) tall as of August 2008. The Jake Swamp Pine is the tallest accurately measured tree of any species in New England. It was climbed and tape drop-measured in November 1998 and again in October 2001. It is scheduled to be climbed and measured a third time in November 2008. Precise measurements are maintained on this tree by ENTS.
Mohawk Trail State Forest includes 83 white pines reaching 45 m (150 ft) in height or more, of which six exceed 48.8 m (160 ft). This is the largest collection of 45 m (150 foot) class white pines in New England. The largest trees in Hartwick Pines State Parks are in the 4548 m range (150-160ft). Cook Forest State Park has the largest collection of 45 m (150 foot) trees in the Northeast. At present one hundred ten trees have been measured to heights of 45 m (150 feet) or more. A private property in Claremont New Hampshire has about sixty white pines in the 45 m (150 ft) height class. Beyond the three mentioned properties, sites with 45 m (150 foot) trees typically have from one to fifteen, with most of the sites having less than ten.
Diameter
Diameters of the larger pines range from 1.0-1.6 m (3-5 ft). However, singled-trunk white pines in both the Northeast and Southeast with diameters over 1.45 m (4.75 ft) are exceedingly rare. Notable big pine sites of 40 ha (100 acres) or less will often have no more than 2 or 3 trees in the 1.2 to 1.4 m (4-4.5 ft) diameter class. A typical large white pine will be in the 3.0 to 3.7 m (10-12 ft) circumference range. Undocumented reports from colonial America reported diameters of virgin white pines of up to 8 feet in diameter (Ling, 2003).
Volume
Total trunk volumes of the largest white pines are around 28 cubic meters (1,000 cubic feet) with some past giants reaching a possible 37 or 40 m (1,300 or 1,400 cu ft). Photographic analysis of giant pines suggests volumes closer to 34 m (1,200 cu ft).
Mortality and disease
An illustration dated 1902, showing a variety of insect pests affecting white pine
Because the tree is somewhat resistant to fire, mature survivors are able to re-seed burned areas. In pure stands mature trees usually have no branches on the lower half of the trunk. The white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) and White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola), an introduced fungus, can damage or kill these trees.
Blister rust
Mortality from Pine Blister in mature pine groves was often 50-80% during the early 20th century. The fungus must spend part of its life cycle on alternate hosts: gooseberry or wild currant (Ribes genus). Foresters reasoned correctly that if all the alternate host plants were removed that White Pine Blister Rust might be eliminated. A very determined campaign was mounted and all land owners in commercial pine growing regions were encouraged to uproot and kill all wild gooseberry and wild currant plant (Ling, 2003). Today wild currants are relatively rare plants in New England and planting wild currants or wild gooseberries is strongly discouraged or may even be illegal. As an alternative new strains of commercial currants have been developed which are highly resistant to White Pine Blister Rust. Planting these new strains is a good compromise and will keep you in good standing with your neighbors and the local authorities. Possibly due to hard work of the foresters mortality in white pines from rust is only about 3% today. But alas wild currant and gooseberry pies are items found only in memories (Lombard and Bofinger, 1999).
Uses
As masts
During the age of sail, the tall trees with their high quality wood were valued for masts, and many trees were marked in colonial times with the broad arrow, reserving them for the British Royal Navy. An unusual large, lone, white pine was found in colonial times, in coastal South Carolina along the Black River (far south of its normal range), and the king’s mark was put upon this particular tree, giving rise to the town of Kingstree. The wood was often squared immediately after felling to fit in the holds of ships better (Ling, 2003).
The British soon built special barge-like vessels which could carry up to 50 pine trunks destined to be ship masts. A 100 mast was about 33 at the butt and 22 at the top, while a 120 mast was a giant 44 at the bottom and 30 at the top. The original masts on the US Constitution (Old Ironsides) were single trees but later they were laminated to better withstand cannon balls. During the American Revolution it became a great sport for the patriots to see how many of the King trees one could cut down and haul off (Nizalowski, 1997; Sloane, 1965).
Lumber
A board of P. strobus
Eastern White Pine is now widely grown in plantation forestry within its native area. Several cultivars have been developed for garden use, many of them dwarf with very slow growth. The species was imported into England by Captain George Weymouth in 1620, who planted it widely for a future timber crop,…

,
Early life
Little has been verified of Roberts’ life. He is believed to have been an associate of Buffalo Bill Cody, and may have been involved in a shootout with the Texas Rangers at this time. He earned his nickname due to a serious injury. Having been shot, there was still a load of buckshot embedded in his right shoulder, indicating that it is likely he was involved in at least one violent encounter. The wound impaired the movement in his right arm, which he could not raise above his pelvis. It is therefore literally true that he shot from the hip. He fought during the Civil War in the Union Army, and by 1876 had his own small ranch in Ruidoso Valley, near to Lincoln.
He was known as a quiet, secretive man, who rarely, if ever spoke of his past, though he was reportedly not a man to upset. A stubborn loner, he preferred to ride a mule than a horse. He was short and stocky in appearance. He worked for James Dolan, thus, when the Lincoln County War broke out he became a target of those loyal to John Tunstall and Alexander McSween. By many accounts, Roberts had intentions on leaving Lincoln County, and there is no evidence at all that he played a part in the killing of John Tunstall, it since having been proven that members of the Jessie Evans Gang committed that murder. However, at the time of the gunfight at Blazer’s Mills, the Lincoln County Regulators did possess a warrant for Roberts’s arrest.
Blazer’s Mills
See main article: Gunfight of Blazer’s Mills
In reality, Buckshot Roberts wanted no part in the Lincoln County War and had made plans to leave the area, selling his ranch and waiting for the check from his buyer. On April 4, 1878, Roberts rode his mule into Blazer Mills, a sawmill and trading post located on the Rio Tularosa. Looking to collect his check, he was shocked to discover that the entire upper echelon of the Regulators were eating lunch in a nearby building. They had left the area around Lincoln, New Mexico after killing Sheriff William Brady just three days earlier. One of them, Frank Coe, sat with Roberts on the steps of the main house and tried to talk him into surrendering. The old gunman refused, believing he would be killed by the vengeful cowboys.
Regulator chief Dick Brewer grew impatient with the stand-off and sent a few of his men outside to take Roberts into custody. At the sight of the armed, quickly walking cowboys, Roberts jumped up, aiming his Winchester. Both he and Charlie Bowdre fired at the same time. Roberts was struck in the stomach while his shot hit Bowdre belt buckle, severing his gun belt and knocking the wind from him. Dangerously wounded, Roberts kept pumping bullets at the Regulators as he retreated to the doorway. John Middleton was seriously wounded in the chest. One slug grazed Doc Scurlock and another struck George Coe in the right hand, costing him his thumb and trigger finger. George Coe shifted his rifle and returned fire, hitting Roberts. Once the magazine of Roberts’ rifle clicked empty, Billy the Kid dashed from cover to finish off the wounded gunman, only to be knocked senseless by the barrel of the Winchester , velcro tie .
Barricading himself in the house, Buckshot Roberts ignored both his painful wound and the Regulators gunshots, arming himself with a single-shot Springfield rifle and readied himself. Stunned by the turn of events, the Regulators tended to their wounded and tried to get Roberts to come out. Frustrated that none of his men dared to approach the fortified adversary, Dick Brewer circled around the main house and took cover behind some stacked logs and opened fire on the room where the wounded man was. Roberts, seeing the cloud of gun smoke from the log pile, sighted in and opened fire when Brewer put his head up again, striking the cowboy in the eye , gun belt buckles .
The Regulators, demoralized by their casualties, pulled out and left the area after sending in a doctor to check on Roberts. Buckshot Roberts died the next day and he and Dick Brewer were buried side by side near the big house where the gunfight occurred.
Film Portrayal
Buckshot Roberts appears in the 1988 film Young Guns, portrayed by actor Brian Keith. Some aspects of the real Roberts’ life are recreated in the film, such as his status as a grizzled, veteran gunfighter, and his desire to avoid the ongoing Lincoln County War. He is also shown riding a mule. His lone scene in the film is a fictionalized shoot-out, similar in some respects to the actual Blazer’s Mills encounter, where Roberts tracks The Regulators in hopes of collecting a bounty placed on their heads. After a brief conversation where he matter-of-factly states his intentions, Roberts opens fire on the gang (with a Winchester rifle and in a crouched position, both indicative of the real Buckshot Roberts) before he retreats to an outhouse for safety. He then kills Dick Brewer, but not with a shot through the victim’s eye, and the rest of the Regulators flee. Roberts’ fate is uncertain, as he had not been shown as being fatally shot by Charlie Bowdre, let alone wounded at all.He might be dead due to the many shots in the resthouse.
References
Utley, Robert M.; Billy the Kid: A Short and Violent Life, University of Nebraska Press, 1989.
External links
Buckshot Roberts at Find a Grave
George Coe, Frank Coe
A Loyal Regulator
Buckshot Roberts
Categories: 19th-century births | 1878 deaths | Gunmen of the American Old West | American Old West gunfights

, mmy may refer to:
People
DJ Sammy, a musician
Sammy Davis, Jr.
Sammy Sosa
Sammy Hagar
Sammy Cahn
Sammy Gravano
Sammy Fain
CeCe Samm , sell t shirt .
Sammy Baug , sportswear shirts .
Sammy Kaye
Sammy McIlroy
Sammy Kershaw
Sammy Lee
Sammy Wilson
Sammy Jo Carrington
Other
Sammy Hagar (album)
Sega Sammy Holdings
Sigma Alpha Mu
Sammy (Beanie Baby)
Sammy, a character in The Tribe
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages